Kajukenbo is a hybrid martial art that combines karate, judo, jujutsu, kenpo, kung fu and boxing. It was invented in 1947 in Oahu, Hawaii, at the Palama Settlements, to deal with local crime, as well as to help the people defend themselves from U.S. Navy sailors who would drink and fight with the locals. The inventors were Sijo ("founder") Adriano Emperado, Peter Young Yil Choo, Joe Holck, Frank Ordonez, and Clarence Chang, who called themselves the Black Belt Society.

This martial art uses hard, fast strikes to vital points all over the body, takedowns involving high impact throwdowns and many joint and limb breaking techniques--usually as follow-ups to takedowns. There are also many blocks from attacks such as punches and defences and disarmament of offensive weapons.

The name works in two ways: "ka" ("long life"), "ju" ("happiness"), "ken" ("fist"), "bo" ("style") or "ka" ("karate"), "ju" ("judo"/"jujutsu"), "ken" ("kenpo"), "bo" (Chinese Boxing Kung Fu), leading to the art's philosophical meaning: "Through this fist style, one gains long life and happiness."

In 1947, Adriano D. Emperado and 4 other skilled martial artists: Joe Holck, Peter Young Yil Choo, George "Clarence" Chang, and Frank Ordonez, made a secret pact to combine their arts into a street fighting combination of their arts, which were:

• Adriano Directo Emperado - Kenpo (Kosho Ryu) and Escrima
• Joseph Holck - Jujutsu (Danzan Ryu)
• Peter Young Yil Choo - Karate (Tang Soo Do) and Boxing
• George "Clarence" Chuen Yoke Chang - Chinese Boxing (Chu'an Fa Kung-Fu)
• Frank F. Ordonez - Judo (Se Keino Ryu)

Ninjutsu (忍術, Ninjutsu^?) sometimes used interchangeably with the term ninpō (忍法, ninpō^?) is the martial art, strategy, and tactics of unconventional warfare and guerilla warfare practiced by the shinobi (also commonly known outside of Japan as the ninja). While there are several styles of modern ninjutsu, according to the Koryu.com, not all can be related to the historic practice of ninjutsu in Japan so as to be considered a koryū.

The main character nin (忍, nin^?) is composed of two lesser characters. The upper character ha (刃, ha^?) means "edge of the blade", and the lower character kokoro (心, kokoro^?) means "heart" or "spirit". [The character 刀 means "sword" or "blade," the character 刃 means "edge of the sword."] Together they mean "stealth", "secretness", "endurance", and "perseverance". Jutsu (術, Jutsu^?) means "art" or "technique". Pō (法, Pō^?) meaning "knowledge", "principle" when found with the prefix "nin" carries the meaning of ninja arts, higher order of ninjutsu. The popular view is that ninjutsu is only about secrecy and stealth. However practitioners of this knowledge utilize it to endure all of life's hardships.

Boxing (sometimes known as pugilism, Anglais boxing, Fistfighting, or English boxing) is a combat sport in which two participants (generally) of similar weight fight each other with their fists. Boxing today is conducted in a regulated way, typically in a series of one to three-minute intervals called rounds. Victory is achieved if the opponent is knocked down and unable to get up before the referee counts to ten seconds (a Knockout, or KO) or if the opponent is deemed too injured to continue (a Technical Knockout, or TKO). If there is no stoppage of the fight before an agreed number of rounds, a winner is determined either by the referee's decision or by judges' scorecards.

Although fighting with fists comes naturally to people, the ancient Greeks were the first to make a sport of it, by giving rules and staging tournaments with professionals. The birth hour of boxing as a sport may mark its allowance as an Olympic game as early as 688 BC. Modern boxing evolved in Europe, particularly Great Britain.

In some countries with their own fighting sports, the sport is referred to as "English Boxing" (e.g. in France to contrast with French boxing). There are numerous different forms of boxing practiced across the world.

La canne is a French martial arts weapon. It is a walking-stick designed for fighting. Standardized in 1970s for sporting competition, la canne is light, made of chestnut wood and slightly tapered. A padded suit and a fencing mask are worn for protection.

Use

The use of the cane as a weapon, as originally taught in weapons schools, was codified by the masters of savate so that the cane was taught as a weapon of self-defence. The French tradition includes techniques of medieval stick fighting (see also bâton français), excepting those techniques considered too dangerous to be used in sport. The medieval stick is too heavy a weapon to be used in competition. Its use has thus been lost and today la canne itself is disappearing. There is, however, a martial tradition passed down to the Swiss Master Pierre Vigny in the 19th century which was used for codification of techniques using the Indian cane at the beginning of the 20th century, forming a separate tradition from the more common sporting cane seen in France today.

The cane, first used for support and then as a gentleman's accessory, also provided a useful weapon. A normal walking stick is usually within the boundaries of legal self-defence, but the loaded cane (weighted with lead at one end) may be considered a weapon in some legal systems.

Technique

In the modern sporting la canne system found in France, bouts are held inside a ring. The cane is held with one hand but the player can change it from hand to hand during the bout. Strokes are made either horizontally or downward, thrusting or stabbing blows being prohibited. The scoring zones are the calves, the torso and the head.

To count, all strokes must be with the cane, and low blows must have a lunging movement. The bout is won on points, the lightness of the cane and the protective clothing making a knockout impossible. Points are scored for style, according to the correctness of body positions during fighting. Contact with prohibited areas such as the arms are penalized. It is thus possible to win a match without landing a blow on one's adversary, if he or she accumulates penalties.

Savate (pronounced IPA: [savat]), also known as boxe française, French boxing, French Kickboxing or French Footfighting, is a French martial art which uses both the hands and feet as weapons and combines elements of western boxing with graceful kicking techniques. Only foot kicks are allowed, unlike some systems, such as Muay Thai and Silat, which allow the use of the knees or shins. Savate is perhaps the only style of kickboxing in which the fighters habitually wear shoes (savate being a French synonym for "old shoe"). A practitioner of savate is called a savateur (male) or savateuse (female).

Savate takes its name from the French for "old boot" (heavy footwear that used to be worn during fights). The modern formalized form is mainly an amalgam of French street fighting techniques from the beginning of the 19th century^[1]. Savate was then a type of street fighting common in Paris and northern France. In the south, especially in the port of Marseille, sailors developed a fighting style involving high kicks and open-handed slaps. It is conjectured that the kicks were done so as to allow the kicker to use a free hand for balance on a rocking ship's deck, and that the kicks and slaps were used on land to avoid the legal penalties for using a closed fist, which was considered a deadly weapon under the law. It was known as jeu marseillais ("game from Marseille"), and was later renamed chausson ("slipper", after the type of shoes the sailors wore). In contrast, at this time in England (the home of boxing and the Queensberry rules), kicking was seen as unsportsmanlike. Traditional savate or chausson was at this time also developed in the ports of North-West Italy and North-Eastern Spain.

The two key historical figures in the history of the shift from street-fighting to the modern sport of savate are Michel Casseux (also known as le Pisseux^{[citation needed]}) (1794–1869), a French pharmacist, and Charles Lecour (1808–1894). Casseux opened the first establishment in 1825 for practicing and promoting a regulated version of chausson and savate (disallowing head butting, eye gouging, grappling, etc). However the sport had not shaken its reputation as a street-fighting technique. Casseux's pupil Charles LeCour was exposed to the English art of boxing when he was defeated in a friendly sparring match by British pugilist Owen Swift around 1830 and felt that he was at a disadvantage, only using his hands to bat his opponent's fists away, rather than to punch. He trained in boxing for two years before, in 1832, combining boxing with chausson and savate to create the sport of savate (or boxe française', as we know it today). At some point la canne and le baton stickfighting were added, and some form of stick-fencing, such as la canne, is commonly part of savate training. Those who train purely for competition may omit this. Savate was developed professionally by LeCour's student Joseph Charlemont and then his son Charles Charlemont.

Savate was later codified under a Committee National de Boxe Francaise under Charles Charlemont's student Count Pierre Baruzy (dit Barrozzi). The Count is seen as the father of modern savate and was 11-times Champion of France and its colonies, his first ring combat and title prior to World War One. A student of the Count, Baron James Shortt of Castleshort, established boxe francaise/savate in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Savate de Defense, Defense Savate, Savate de Rue ("de rue" means: "of the street") is the name given to those methods of fighting excluded from savate competition.

In competitive savate, there are four allowed kinds of kicks, and five kinds of punches.

• Kicks:

1. fouetté (literally "whip", roundhouse kick making contact with the instep), high, medium or low
2. chassé (side or front piston-action kick), high, medium or low
3. revers (frontal or lateral "reverse" or hooking kick making contact with the sole of the shoe), high, medium, or low
4. coup de pied bas ("low kick", a front or sweep kick to the shin making contact with the inner edge of the shoe, performed with a characteristic backwards lean) low only

• Punches

1. direct bras avant (jab, lead hand)
2. direct bras arrière (cross, rear hand)
3. crochet (hook, bent arm with either hand)
4. uppercut (either hand)

Perhaps the ultimate recognition of the respectability of savate came in 1924 when it was included as a demonstration sport in the Olympic Games in Paris. In 2008, Savate was recognised by the International University Sports Federation (FISU) - this recognition allows Savate to hold official University World Championships, the first will be held in Nantes, France in 2010.

Despite its roots, savate is a relatively safe sport to learn. According to USA Savate, "savate ranks lower in number of injuries when compared to American football, hockey, football, gymnastics, basketball, baseball and inline skating".

Today, savate is practiced all over the world by amateurs: from Australia to the USA and from Finland to Britain. Many countries (including the United States) have national federations devoted to promoting savate. Savate was also featured in the first Ultimate Fighting Championship tournament, where Dutch savate champion Gerard Gordeau beat a sumo wrestler and an American kickboxer.

Modern codified savate provides for three levels of competition: assaut, pre-combat and combat. Assaut requires the competitors to focus on their technique while still making contact; referees assign penalties for the use of excessive force. Pre-combat allows for full-strength fighting so long as the fighters wear protective gear such as helmets and shinguards. Combat, the most intense level, is the same as pre-combat, but protective gear other than groin protection and mouthguards is prohibited.

Many martial arts provide ranking systems, such as belt colors. Savate uses glove colors to indicate a fighter's level of proficiency (unlike arts such as karate, which assign new belts at each promotion, moving to a higher color rank in savate does not necessarily entail a change in the color of one's actual gloves, and a given fighter may continue using the same pair of gloves through multiple promotions). Novices begin at no color. Promotion tests allow the fighter to graduate successively to blue, green, red, white and yellow. Competition is restricted to yellow glove rank and above, fighters at white glove rank are considered to be instructors in training, and yellow gloves are required to teach what they know to others and can attend a combat competition. Silver gloves are the highest regular rank in savate. Golden gloves are honor ranks awarded to savate pioneers and leading exponents by their national committees. White gloves and lower ranks can be attributed thru teacher's examination but for the higher ranks, the fighter must take a International federation(FIS) or French federation committee exam.

Combat principles

The following are principles that Lee incorporated into Jeet Kune Do. He felt these were universal combat truths that were self evident and would lead to combat success if followed. The "4 Combat Ranges" in particular are what he felt were instrumental in becoming a "total" martial artist. This is also the principle most related to mixed martial arts.

JKD practitioners also subscribe to the notion that the best defense is a strong offense, hence the principle of intercepting. Lee believed that in order for an opponent to attack someone they had to move towards them. This provided an opportunity to "intercept" that attack or movement. The principle of interception covers more than just intercepting physical attacks. Lee believed that many non-verbals and telegraphs (subtle movements that an opponent is unaware of) could be perceived or "intercepted" and thus be used to one's advantage. The "5 Ways of Attack" are attacking categories that help Jeet Kune Do practitioners organize their fighting repertoire and comprise the offensive portion of JKD. The concepts of stop hits & stop kicks and simultaneous parrying & punching were borrowed from European Fencing and Wing Chun's theory of simultaneous defending and attacking, and comprise the defensive portion of JKD. These concepts were modified for unarmed combat and implemented into the JKD framework by Lee. These concepts also complement the other principle of interception.

Economy of motion

JKD students are told to waste no time or movement. When it comes to combat JKD practitioners believe the simplest things work best.

Stop hits & stop kicks

This means intercepting an opponent's attack with an attack of your own instead of a simple block. JKD practitioners believe that this is the most difficult defensive skill to develop. This strategy is a feature of some traditional Chinese martial arts, as well as an essential component of European épée fencing (known in fencing terminology as the "counter-attack").

Simultaneous parrying & punching

When confronting an incoming attack, the attack is parried or deflected and a counter attack is delivered at the same time. Not as advanced as a stop hit but more effective than blocking and counter attacking in sequence. This is also practiced by some Chinese martial arts.

No high kicks

JKD practitioners believe they should target their kicks to their opponent's shins, knees, thighs, and mid section. These targets are the closest to the foot, provide more stability and are more difficult to defend against. However, as with all other JKD principles nothing is "written in stone". If a target of opportunity presents itself, even a target above the waist, one could take advantage of the situation without feeling hampered by this principle.

Four ranges of combat

• Kicking
• Punching
• Trapping
• Grappling

Jeet Kune Do students train in each of these ranges equally. According to Lee, this range of training serves to differentiate JKD from other martial arts. Lee stated that most but not all traditional martial systems specialize in training at one or two ranges. Bruce Lee's theories have been especially influential and substantiated in the field of Mixed Martial Arts, as the MMA Phases of Combat are essentially the same concept as the JKD combat ranges. As a historical note, the ranges in JKD have evolved over time. Initially the ranges were categorized as short or close, medium, and long range. These terms proved ambiguous and eventually evolved into their more descriptive forms although there may still be others who prefer the three categories.

Five Ways Of Attack

• Simple Angular Attack (SAA) and its converse Simple Direct Attack (SDA).
• Hand Immobilization Attack (HIA) and its counterpart Foot Immobilization attack, which make use of trapping to limit the opponent's function with that appendage.
• Progressive Indirect Attack (PIA). Attacking one part of the opponent's body followed by attacking another part as a means of creating an opening.
• Attack By Combinations (ABC). This is using multiple rapid attacks, with volume of attack as a means of overcoming the opponent.
• Attack By Drawing (ABD). This is creating an opening with positioning as a means of counter attacking.

Three Parts of JKD

JKD practitioners believe that techniques should contain the following properties:

• Efficiency - An attack that reaches its mark.
• Directness - The shortest distance between two points is a straight line.
• Simplicity - Thinking in an uncomplicated manner; without ornamentation.

Centerline

The centerline refers to an imaginary line running down the center of one's body. The theory is to exploit, control and dominate your opponent's centerline. All attacks, defenses and footwork are designed to preserve your own centerline and open your opponent's. Lee incorporated this theory into JKD from Wing Chun. This notion is closely related to maintaining control of the center squares in the strategic game chess.

The three guidelines for centerline are:

• The one who controls the centerline will control the fight.
• Protect and maintain your own centerline while you control and exploit your opponent's.
• Control the centerline by occupying it.

Quotations

Kai Fu is a martial art that was developed in the Hawaiian Islands in the 1930s. Kai Fu is derrived from the Japanese martial art Ju-jitsu which came to Hawaii with the surge of Japanese immigrants in the late 1860s. The local Hawaiians already had a martial art called Ohana Lua, which when combined with the new found Ju-jitsu created the martial art Kai Fu as we know it today. Kai Fu came to the main-land United States after World War II when the sailors stationed at Pearl Harbor returned home. The sailors had been taught Kai Fu by the native Hawaiians as a gesture of friendship.

Composition

According to Dr. James Ketelaar, Professor in History and East Asian Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago, when observed, Kai Fu is much more similar to Japanese Ju-jitsu than the Hawaiian Ohana Lua. In fact, Kai fu uses the same rank belt system that Ju-jitsu and Judo have used. The belt colors in ascending order are white, yellow, orange, green, blue, brown and black.

Kapu Kuialua (also Pa Kuialua, Kuialua or just Lua) is said to be an ancient Hawaiian martial art of bone breaking, emphasizing joint locks as well as strikes.

The name roughly translates to "forbidden way to fight", as it is claimed to have been only taught to the king and his family, and teaching outside of the sanctioned circle was punishable by death. The modern form of this art may actually include techniques from other traditional martial arts, such as jujutsu, judo, karate and aikido. Weapons used by natives of the Hawaiian islands may have been focused on primarily in the art at one time, as it is said the fighter who loses his weapons should then resort to "Mokomoko" (dirty fighting methods). The old warriors of this art would oil up and remove hair in order to be able slip away and avoid being grappled in battle.

Lua is also known as the art of bone-breaking, as many of the techniques are designed to break the neck, arms, wrists and other appendages. Most students of modern Lua are students of Olohe Kolomono "Sol" Kaihewalu or Olohe David Nuuhiwa. Senior instructors are located in California, Texas, Oklahoma, Mexico and many other states.

Lua had a strict "Kapu" or oath, that forbid practitioners from teaching people outside of their class or to non Hawaiians. Eventually, with the influx of missionaries, Lua was looked down upon as a pagan, "black" art, and was forced underground. Over the years, the Lua all but died out.

Silat Melayu Keris Lok Sembilan (9) is one of the traditional Keris arts found in Silat Melayu. It is an old system that traces its roots back to the famous Malacca Sultanate.

After the fall of Malacca in 1511,the Sultanate split three ways and a part moved south to settle in Sarawak (Kuching), then finally to Kuantan in Pahang. It has been this branch of the Sultanate that has kept this closely guarded system through out the centuries.

The art is now taught and headed by Cikgu Azlan Ghanie, the editor of the Malaysian Silat publication "Seni Beladiri". Silat Melayu Keris Lok 9 was taught to him from his father, and has been passed down through his family from his great-grandfather Haji Salleh.
On his mother's side Cikgu Azlan Ghanie is of Bugis origin, descended from the Pahang warrior Pendekar Endut (one of Mat Kilau and Tok Bahaman's gurus). Silat Melayu Keris Lok 9 is one of the only silat systems remaining that teaches Keris first as a basic weapon of war to give understanding in both armed and unarmed combat. The art is very much seni based, in which one learns many intricate seni pieces (forms).

One is firstly taught the grueling set of traditional exercises called "Senaman Tua" which aid to strengthen and condition the body. upon completion of the Senaman Tua, one is taught the different forms known as "loks" (lok is a Malay term for a curve on the blade of a Keris).
The Loks are all mostly Keris forms, there are 5 Loks (numbered 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9) to be learned to complete the basic syllabus. These Loks hold the keys and secrets to the system which teach one the principles of fighting in armed and empty hand combat. The Basic syllabus takes 2 years of regular training to complete.

Traditionally the keris is regarded as much more than just a weapon and the adab (manners/ rules of behaviour) surrounding this art are extremely important. The keris is a symbol of the ancient culture and traditions of the Malay race and must be kept with much respect, with owning a Keris one carries heavy responsability. As well as learning the deadly combat aspects, the customs and traditions behind the Keris are a necessary part of the syllabus.
In the past Silat Melayu Keris Lok 9 has been a carefully guarded system open only to selected Pesilat of 10 or more years experience, however today the art is being taught and practised more openly. Cikgu Azlan teaches Silat Melayu Lok 9 In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and has large number of students in his gelanggang.

Pengasas dan penggerak utama Silat Kegayongan Acheh Helang Putih adalah Abdul Aziz Mohd Ali (Dengan gelaran: Raja Aziz Laksamana Hoja Andak) yang kini menetap di Kampung Dusun Tua, Batu 18 Hulu Langat, Selangor. Beliau mula menuntut ilmu warisan keluarganya ini sejak berumur 12 tahun. Selain daripada Silat Helang Putih, Raja Aziz juga pernah mempelajari Silat Sheikh Baginda Ali, Silat Harimau dan Silat Sendeng Kuno di Johor dan Indonesia. Di samping itu beliau juga pernah mempelajari Judo dan Tai Chi di Jalan Hicks, Kuala Lumpur.

Raja Aziz mula mengasaskan Pertubuhan Silat Kegayongan Acheh Helang Putih pada tahun 1967 semasa berumur 19 tahun dengan membuka gelanggang pertama di Kampung Pandan, Kuala Lumpur.

Menurut kisah lagenda keluarga yang diturunkan dari generasi ke genarasi, Silat Helang Putih telah diajar kepada moyang Raja Aziz (Raja Sulung Tunggak Pahlawan) oleh seorang pertapa bangsa Jawa yang bernama Ratu Agung Raden Dindiar. Raja Sulung Tunggak Pahlawan menemui pertapa itu setelah beliau mengekori seekor burung Helang Putih ke dalam sebuah gua semasa berburu di hutan. Helang Putih yang diekori itu adalah seorang putera kayangan yang telah disumpah menjadi seekor burung helang putih oleh ibundanya. Asalnya Silat Helang Putih adalah satu seni untuk membunuh. Namun bentuknya pada hari ini telah disesuaikan dengan zaman sekarang yang berlandaskan lunas-lunas undang-undang. Murid silat ini dilatih pergerakan Helang termasuk dengan bunyinya sekali.

Gerak dan seni mengalir dari 44 cabang perguruan dan digerakkan oleh gerak dan langkah pesilat. Gerakan-gerakan seni yang teratur dan cantik menjadi khazanah silat ini dengan gaya dan gerak pencak yang pantas dan tangkas.

Antara permainan perguruan ini ialah Helang Buana, Megat Terawis, Seni Changkat, Permainan Puteri Terus Mata dll.

Kini Seni Silat Kegayungan Acheh Helang Putih telah dikembangkan oleh gurulatih dan jurulatih perguruan di beberapa negeri di semenanjung seperti Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Perak, Kelantan, Kedah, Negeri Sembilan dan Pahang. Kejohanan tahunan dan acara-acara semasa sentiasa dianjurkan untuk merapatkan ukhuwah dan ikatan dalam perguruan ini.

Adalah menjadi harapan perguruan untuk mengembangkan seni silat ini sebagai satu warisan Alam Melayu.

Vovinam Viêt Võ Dao is a Vietnamese martial art.

Vovinam is practiced with and without weapons. It is based on the principle of harmony between hard and soft. It includes training of the body as well as the mind. It uses force and reaction of the opponent.

The name is a portmanteau of Vo (Võ): meaning "Martial Arts" and Vinam standing for "Vietnam".

Vovinam includes hand, elbow, kicks, escape- and levering techniques. Both attack and defense techniques are trained, as well as forms, combat and traditional wrestling.

The wide range of techniques include punching, kicking etc. as well as Forms, wrestling, sword, staff, axe, folding fan and others.
Self defense techniques cover defense against weaponless attacks like choking from behind and defense against attacks with knife or sword.

Advanced students learn to combine the techniques and learn to defend themselves against armed opponents. Instructors train traditional weapons like the long stick, short stick, knife, sword and sabre. Thereby the weapons serve as training devices for reaching optimal control of body and mind.

Pankration is a martial arts sport introduced in the Greek Olympic games in 648 BC. This martial art was founded as a blend of boxing and wrestling. Because of this, the term pankration comes from the Greek πανκράτιον, literally meaning "all powers" and that from πάν (pan) "all" + κράτος (kratos) "strength" or "power". The term is also used to describe the sport's modern variations. Some also argue it to be the first all-encompassing fighting system in human history, and it bears many similarities to modern mixed martial arts styles.

Gawai Day or Gawai Dayak, a festival celebrated in Sarawak on 1 June every year is both a religious and social occasion. The word Gawai means a ritual or festival whereas Dayak is a collective name for the native ethnics of Sarawak; Iban, Bidayuh, Kayan, Kenyah, Kelabit, Lun Bawang and others. Thus, Gawai Dayak literally means "Dayak Festival". Dayak would visit their friends and relatives on this day. Such visit is more known as "ngabang" in Iban dialect. Those far away would receive greeting cards.

It all started back in 1957 in a radio forum held by Mr Ian Kingsley, a radio programme organiser. This generated a lot of interest among the Dayak community.

The mode of celebration varies from place to place. Preparation starts early. Tuak (rice wine) is brewed (at least one month before the celebration) and traditional delicacies like penganan (cakes from rice flour, sugar and coconut milk) prepared. As the big day approaches, everyone will be busy with the general cleaning and preparing food and cakes. On Gawai Eve, glutinous rice is steamed in bamboo (ngelulun pulut). In the longhouse, new mats will be laid out on the ruai (an open gallery which runs through the entire length of the longhouse). The walls of most bilik (rooms) and the ruai are decorated with Pua Kumbu (traditional blanket). A visit to clean the graveyard is also conducted and offerings offered to the dead. After the visit it is important to bathe before entering the longhouse to ward off bad luck.

The celebration starts on the evening of 31 May. In most Iban longhouses, it starts with a ceremony called Muai Antu Rua (to cast away the spirit of greed), signifying the non-interference of the spirit of bad luck in the celebration. Two children or men each dragging a chapan (winnowing basket) will pass each family's room. Every family will throw some unwanted article into the basket. The unwanted articles will be tossed to the ground from the end of the longhouse for the spirit of bad luck.

Around 6 pm or as the sun sets, miring (offering ceremony) will take place. Before the ceremony, gendang rayah (ritual music) is performed. The Feast Chief thank the gods for the good harvest, ask for guidance, blessings and long life as he waves a cockerel over the offerings. He, then, sacrifices the cockerel and a little blood is also used together with the offerings.

Once the offering ceremony is done, dinner is then served at the ruai. Just before midnight, a procession up and down the ruai seven times called Ngalu Petara (welcoming the spirit gods) is performed. During this procession, a beauty pageant to choose the festival's beauty queen and king (Kumang & Keling Gawai) is sometimes conducted. Meanwhile, drinks, traditional cakes and delicacies are served.

At midnight, the gong is beaten to call for the celebrants to attention. The longhouse Chief (tuai rumah) or Festival Chief will lead everyone to drink the Ai Pengayu (normally tuak for long life) and at the same time wishing each other "gayu-guru, gerai-nyamai" (long life, health and prosperity). The celebration by now will get merrier. Some will dance to the traditional music played. Others will sing the pantun (poems). In urban areas, Dayak will organise gatherings at community centres or restaurants to celebrate the evening.

Other activities that may follow the next few days include cock-fighting matches, blowpipe and ngajat competitions. On this day, 1 June, homes of Dayaks is opened to visitors/guests.

Traditionally, when the guests arrive at the longhouse, they will be received with the ai tiki to welcome the guests. From time to time, guests will be served tuak. This would be called nyibur temuai or literally means watering of guests.

Christian Dayak normally attend a church mass service to thank God for the good harvest.

Gawai Dayak celebration may last for several days. Visitors/Guests are most welcome to the homes of the Dayak during the festival. It is also during this time of the year that many Dayak weddings take place, as it is one of the rare occasions that all the members of the community comes home to the ancestral long house.

Up till 1962, British colonial government still refused to give recognition to the Dayak Day. Gawai Dayak was formally gazetted on 25 September 1964 as a public holiday in place of Sarawak Day. It was first celebrated on 1st June 1965 and became a symbol of unity, aspiration and hope for the Dayak community. Today, it is an integral part of Dayak social life. It is a thanksgiving day marking good harvest and a time to plan for the new farming season or activities ahead.

The Kaamatan Festival is an annual event in the cultural life of the Kadazandusuns of Sabah since time immemorial. In its deepest sense, Kaamatan festival is a manifestation of Creator and Creation relationship, as well as Inter-Creations relationship. It embodies the principal acts of invocation of divinities, appeasing, purification and restoration, re-union of benevolent spirits, and thanksgiving to the Source of All. It is part of a complex wholesome Momolian religious system centered on the paddy rites of passage and the life cycle of Bambarayon - the in-dwelling spirit of paddy.

Appeasing is done in respect of Bambarayon, Deities, Divinities and Spirits, who may have been hurt by human wrongful, acts. Purification is performed in respect of human and spiritual needs for forgiveness followed by resolutions to make themselves worthy of the gifts of life from God. Restoration in necessary to ensure the health and well being of Bambarayon, mankind and other spiritual beings. Re-union is realised in respect of human needs to be integrated in body, mind and spirit within the concept of the seven-in-one divinity in humanity, as well as re-union of Bambarayon with human Sunduan. Finally Thanksgiving is observed as befitting for all creations to express their gratitude and appreciation for the gifts of life (through Huminodun) and all life supportive system on earth that their Creator lovingly and generously gave them.

Exercise Physiology is a discipline involving the study of how exercise alters the structure and function of the human body. Exercise Physiology requires diverse knowledge and considerable study of various physiologic responses to exercise.

Topics studied in exercise physiology include human energy transfer, human energy expenditure, evaluation of energy-generating capacities, the nervous system, pulmonary system, the cardiovascular system, the musculoskeletal system, endocrine system (including hormones) and the interaction of these, plus training methods, environmental effects on physiology, and ergogenic aids.

Exercise physiologists tend to specialise into clinical areas such as cardiac rehabilitation, research based exercise physiology {such as performance and heat stress, performance and altitude, fluid balance, intracellular lactate mechanisms, motor functions, and plasticity of muscle fibers}, exercise testing and prescription of athletes, and development of physical fitness programs in prevention of disease and disability.

'Biomechanics' is the application of mechanical principles on living organisms. This includes research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms and the application of engineering principles to and from biological systems. This research and analysis can be carried forth on multiple levels, from the molecular, wherein biomaterials such as collagen and elastin are considered, all the way up to the tissue and organ level. Some simple applications of Newtonian mechanics can supply correct approximations on each level, but precise details demand the use of continuum mechanics.

Giovanni Alfonso Borelli wrote the first book on biomechanics, De Motu Animalium, or On the Movement of Animals. He not only saw animals' bodies as mechanical systems, but pursued questions such as the physiological difference between imagining performing an action and actually doing it. Some simple examples of biomechanics research include the investigation of the forces that act on limbs, the aerodynamics of bird and insect flight, the hydrodynamics of swimming in fish, the anchorage and mechanical support provided by tree roots, and locomotion in general across all forms of life, from individual cells to whole organisms. The biomechanics of human beings is a core part of kinesiology.

Applied mechanics, most notably thermodynamics and continuum mechanics, and mechanical engineering disciplines such as fluid mechanics and solid mechanics, play prominent roles in the study of biomechanics. By applying the laws and concepts of physics, biomechanical mechanisms and structures can be simulated and studied.

It has been shown that applied loads and deformations can affect the properties of living tissue. There is much research in the field of growth and remodeling as a response to applied loads. For example, the effects of elevated blood pressure on the mechanics of the arterial wall, the behavior of cardiomyocytes within a heart with a cardiac infarct, and bone growth in response to exercise, and the acclimative growth of plants in response to wind movement, have been widely regarded as instances in which living tissue is remodelled as a direct consequence of applied loads.

Relevant mathematical tools include linear algebra, differential equations, vector and tensor calculus, numerics and computational techniques such as the finite element method.

The study of biomaterials is of crucial importance to biomechanics. For example, the various tissues within the body, such as skin, bone, and arteries each possess unique material properties. The passive mechanical response of a particular tissue can be attributed to characteristics of the various proteins, such as elastin and collagen, living cells, ground substances such as proteoglycans, and the orientations of fibers within the tissue. For example, if human skin were largely composed of a protein other than collagen, many of its mechanical properties, such as its elastic modulus, would be different.

Chemistry, molecular biology, and cell biology have much to offer in the way of explaining the active and passive properties of living tissues. For example, in muscle contractions, the binding of myosin to actin is based on a biochemical reaction involving calcium ions and ATP.

Sport Science is a discipline that studies the application of scientific principles and techniques with the aim of improving sporting performance. Human movement is a related scientific discipline that studies human movement in all contexts including that of sport. The discipline of Sports Science is also known as "Exercise Science" and "Exercise Physiology".

The study of sports science traditionally incorporates areas of physiology, psychology, motor control and biomechanics but also includes other topics such as nutrition and diet, sports technology, anthropometry kinanthropometry and performance analysis.

Sports scientists and performance consultants are growing in demand and employment numbers, with the ever-increasing focus within the sporting world on achieving the best results possible. Through the study of science and sport, researchers have developed a greater understanding on how the human body reacts to exercise, training, different environments and many other stimuli.

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_science

The nunchaku (Chinese: 雙節棍, shuāng jié gùn; 兩節棍, liǎng jié gùn "Dual Section Staff"; 二節棍, èr jié gùn "Two Section Staff"; Japanese: ヌンチャク nunchaku listen (help·info); 梢子棍, shōshikon "Boatman's staff," also sometimes called "nunchucks", "numchuks", or "chain sticks" in English) is a traditional weapon of the Kobudo weapons set and consists of two sticks connected at their ends with a short chain or rope. A sansetsukon is a similar weapon with three sticks attached on chains instead of two.

Although the certain origin of nunchaku is disputed, it is thought to come from China through the Japanese island of Okinawa; and they were created in their current incarnation for the movies. The Japanese word nunchaku itself comes from the Hokkien (Min Nan) word nng-chiat-kun(no-chiat kun) (兩節棍). When viewed etymologically from its Okinawan roots, nun comes from the word for twin, and chaku from shaku, a unit of measurement. The popular belief is that the nunchaku was originally a short flail used to thresh rice or soybeans (that is, separate the grain from the husk).

It is also possible that the weapon was developed in response to the moratorium on edged weaponry under the Satsuma daimyo after invading Okinawa in the 17th century, and that the weapon was most likely conceived and used exclusively for that end, as the configuration of actual flails and bits are unwieldy for use as a weapon. Also, peasant farmers were forbidden conventional weaponry such as arrows or blades so they improvised using only what they had available, farm tools such as the sickle. The modern weapon would be an ineffective flail.

Another popular theory is that the nunchaku originated from China, Song Dynasty. It was named "da pan long gun"(大盤龍棍), meaning great coiled dragon stick. The weapon is composed of one long stick and a short stick connected by horse hair. It was commonly used in wars against cavalry to trap horse legs. The weapon eventually evolved into a short range weapon as seen in our present day nunchaku.

The nunchaku as a weapon has surged in popularity since martial artist Bruce Lee used it in his movies in the 1970s. It is generally considered by martial artists to be a limited weapon, although it is also one of the least understood weapons. Complex and difficult to wield, the nunchaku lacks the range of the bo (quarterstaff) and the edged advantage of a sword. The nunchaku has a steep learning curve. It is also prone to inflicting injury on its user.

***Nunchaku is the latest weapon that i've learned. Three days ago, i borrowed the nunchaku from my student because me myself doesn't have it. How i learned it? Through video, pictures, and some advice from my sudent. So, at the moment im practicing the basic move. Pretty hard actually but i love it.

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) is a martial art and combat sport that emphasizes ground grappling, with free sparring being an important training method. The aim is generally to use a variety of grappling holds to advance in positioning, and to finally obtain a submission hold, referred to as "Position before Submission". Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu is usually practiced in a gi very similar or identical to a judogi (which is called kimono in Brazil [1]), but non-gi training is also part of the training regimen in many BJJ schools, and is sometimes referred to as 'submission wrestling'. It is well known for its effectiveness in mixed martial arts/no holds barred fighting. It was made famous by Royce Gracie in the 1993 Ultimate Fighting Championship. It also has realistic self-defense application. The term Gracie Jiu-Jitsu (GJJ) is sometimes used interchangebly with Brazilian "jiu-jitsu", but is trademarked by Rorion Gracie, and specifically refers to the style of Brazilian jiu-jitsu taught by him and other selected teachers. Of course, his system and the other BJJ systems are similar, except for a few theories.

Jeet Kune Do (Chinese: 截拳道 Cantonese: Jitkyùndou Pinyin: Jiéquándào, lit. "Way of the Intercepting Fist"), also Jeet Kun Do or JKD, is a martial arts system developed by martial artist and actor Bruce Lee.^[2]

In 2004, the Bruce Lee Foundation decided to use the name Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do to refer to the martial arts system that Lee founded. "Jun Fan" was Lee's Chinese given name, so the literal translation is "Bruce Lee's Way of the Intercepting Fist."

Lee's philosophy

Bruce Lee said:

I have not invented a "new style," composite, modified or otherwise that is set within distinct form as apart from "this" method or "that" method. On the contrary, I hope to free my followers from clinging to styles, patterns, or molds. Remember that Jeet Kune Do is merely a name used, a mirror in which to see "ourselves". . . Jeet Kune Do is not an organized institution that one can be a member of. Either you understand or you don't, and that is that. There is no mystery about my style. My movements are simple, direct and non-classical. The extraordinary part of it lies in its simplicity. Every movement in Jeet Kune-Do is being so of itself. There is nothing artificial about it. I always believe that the easy way is the right way. Jeet Kune-Do is simply the direct expression of one's feelings with the minimum of movements and energy. The closer to the true way of Kung Fu, the less wastage of expression there is. Finally, a Jeet Kune Do man who says Jeet Kune Do is exclusively Jeet Kune Do is simply not with it. He is still hung up on his self-closing resistance, in this case anchored down to reactionary pattern, and naturally is still bound by another modified pattern and can move within its limits. He has not digested the simple fact that truth exists outside all molds; pattern and awareness is never exclusive. Again let me remind you Jeet Kune Do is just a name used, a boat to get one across, and once across it is to be discarded and not to be carried on one's back.

– Bruce Lee -

*** Yes, i agree with him. Jeet Kune Do is not a style. It is a concept. Me, myself have my own research of various martial art. I do give a named to my research but this name is just a name for the research. It is not a name for my self martial art style. The style itself is me, as Kenny B.

                                                                                                                                                                          - Kenny B -